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Research Article
Online Published: 21 Jul 2025


A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria

Nkiru Charity Eberemu, Tolulope Ebenezer Atalabi, Jibrin Muhammad.


Abstract
Objective: This study aims to determine the gastrointestinal parasitic fauna of freshwater fish species of the Hadejia River and their associated risk factors.
Materials and Methods: We identified the fish in the laboratory using standard identification keys. Intestinal contents were examined for parasites under a low-power binocular microscope.
Results: An overall prevalence and mean intensity of 18.22% (14.95–21.47) and 2.01 parasites/fish were recorded, respectively. Malapterurus electricus and Mormyrus rume had the highest prevalence [94.54% (88.54–100)] and mean intensity (4.43 parasites/fish), respectively. The parasites recovered included Camallanus (49.75%), Bothriocephalus (43.65%), Allocreadium (1.52%), Corynosoma (2.03%), Polynchobothrium (2.03%), and Rhabdochona congolensis (1.02%). Bothriocephalus and Camallanus showed an affinity for two different fish species, while others showed a preference for only one fish species in a coinfection. Fish sex (χ2 = 8.81; p = 0.0030), weight (χ2 = 52.74; p = 0.0001), and species (χ2 = 30.225; p = 0.0001) were found to significantly contribute to gastrointestinal helminthiasis. Female fish were about twice as likely to be infected compared to males [OR (95% CI): 1.99 (1.05–3.77); p = 0.0030]. Fishes in the weight categories 351–700 gm and 701–1,050 gm were found to be approximately 3 times [OR (95 % CI): 2.89 (1.22–6.86)] and 17 times [OR (95 % CI): 17.37 (5.05–19.87)] more likely to be infected, respectively, compared to those ≤350 gm.
Conclusion: The study area is hypoendemic for fish gastrointestinal helminthiasis with risk factors such as sex, fish species, and weight.

Key words: Prevalence; fish; parasites; Hadejia; Jigawa


 
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How to Cite this Article
Pubmed Style

Eberemu NC, Atalabi TE, Muhammad J. A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Vet. Res. Notes. 2025; 5(7): 61-68. doi:10.5455/vrn.2025.e58

Web Style

Eberemu NC, Atalabi TE, Muhammad J. A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria. https://www.vetresnotes.com/?mno=208133 [Access: October 31, 2025]. doi:10.5455/vrn.2025.e58

AMA (American Medical Association) Style

Eberemu NC, Atalabi TE, Muhammad J. A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Vet. Res. Notes. 2025; 5(7): 61-68. doi:10.5455/vrn.2025.e58


Vancouver/ICMJE Style

Eberemu NC, Atalabi TE, Muhammad J. A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Vet. Res. Notes. (2025), [cited October 31, 2025]; 5(7): 61-68. doi:10.5455/vrn.2025.e58


Harvard Style

Eberemu, N. C., Atalabi, . T. E. & Muhammad, . J. (2025) A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Vet. Res. Notes, 5 (7), 61-68. doi:10.5455/vrn.2025.e58


Turabian Style

Eberemu, Nkiru Charity, Tolulope Ebenezer Atalabi, and Jibrin Muhammad. 2025. A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Veterinary Research Notes, 5 (7), 61-68. doi:10.5455/vrn.2025.e58


Chicago Style

Eberemu, Nkiru Charity, Tolulope Ebenezer Atalabi, and Jibrin Muhammad. "A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria." Veterinary Research Notes 5 (2025), 61-68. doi:10.5455/vrn.2025.e58


MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style

Eberemu, Nkiru Charity, Tolulope Ebenezer Atalabi, and Jibrin Muhammad. "A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria." Veterinary Research Notes 5.7 (2025), 61-68. Print. doi:10.5455/vrn.2025.e58


APA (American Psychological Association) Style

Eberemu, N. C., Atalabi, . T. E. & Muhammad, . J. (2025) A cross-sectional survey of the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors of infection with some gastrointestinal parasites of fishes in Hadejia River, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Veterinary Research Notes, 5 (7), 61-68. doi:10.5455/vrn.2025.e58




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    Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh (BDvetNET), Prof. Nazmul H. Nazir, DVM, MS, PhD, Dept. of Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, BANGLADESH. E-mail: bdvetnet@gmail.com or nazir@bau.edu.bd
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